Intense and escalating threats, including overexploitation, dam construction, habitat degradation, pollution, and biological invasions, pose critical challenges to the sustainability of freshwater ecosystems. Among these, rivers, given their distinctive landscape position and connectivity characteristics, are particularly vulnerable to adverse impacts. In this context, I aim to provide an overview of the consequences of historical development on aquatic and semi-aquatic biodiversity, as well as on ecosystem services vital to human well-being, focusing on multiple stressor effects and the profound impacts of invasive species.

While remediation efforts have been on the agenda for decades, the efficacy of these measures remains uneven. What strategies are proving successful, and where are we falling short? Notably, the introduction of the EU Nature Restoration Law marks a policy shift, offering the potential to address past shortcomings through more cohesive and ambitious conservation efforts. Alongside legislative advancements, innovative approaches are gaining traction. These include transitioning from localized restoration efforts to systematic, multi-purpose planning frameworks; fostering a deeper understanding of biodiversity and species-specific contributions to ecosystem services; and exploring the cultural and intrinsic values of biodiversity to reconnect people with nature.

Presenting these strategies, I will discuss their potential for instigating positive changes. Taking a river-centric perspective, I will highlight ongoing trends, evaluate innovative solutions, and identify persisting challenges that must be addressed to facilitate progress. This perspective underscores how safeguarding freshwater ecosystems not only preserves biodiversity and ecosystem services but also supports well-being of communities reliant on these systems.